HAVE/GET SOMETHING DONE
‘HAVE‘ y ‘GET‘ en la causative form
Si estableciésemos un ranking de los aspectos gramaticales de la lengua inglesa que más traen de cabeza a los estudiantes de inglés, la causative form estaría entre las primeras.
No resulta fácil de entender ni de explicar que exista una estructura gramatical para expresar que el sujeto de una oración no es el que realiza la acción, sino que hace que ésta sea realizada por otra persona. Buff!!
Para que me entendáis mejor, sabéis cuando decimos eso de:“Voy a…” - que me arreglen el coche (el mecánico)—-have/get my car fixed
- cortarme el pelo (la peluquera)—–have/get my hair cut
- revisarme la vista (el oculista)—–have/get my eyes checked
Pues la causative va en ese sentido. Somos nosotros los que nos beneficiamos de una acción que no realizamos en persona sino que mandamos a una tercera persona a que lo haga. Si quisiésemos aclarar quién la realiza, tan solo la añadiremos con la estructura by…
Aquí os dejo dos frases como ejemplo para que comparéis el significado:- He repaired his car
(Él mismo reparó su coche)He had his car repaired (by the mechanic)(Él no reparó su coche. Fue el mecánico quien lo hizo)
*Have y get tienen el mismo significado. Get es más frecuente en el speaking y en las formas imperativas.
Por ejemplo: Get your hair cut! (Ve a cortarte el pelo)
HAVE/GET SOMETHING DONE
‘HAVE‘ y ‘GET‘ en la causative form
Si estableciésemos un ranking de los aspectos gramaticales de la lengua inglesa que más traen de cabeza a los estudiantes de inglés, la causative form estaría entre las primeras.
No resulta fácil de entender ni de explicar que exista una estructura gramatical para expresar que el sujeto de una oración no es el que realiza la acción, sino que hace que ésta sea realizada por otra persona. Buff!!
Para que me entendáis mejor, sabéis cuando decimos eso de:
“Voy a…”
- que me arreglen el coche (el mecánico)—-have/get my car fixed
- cortarme el pelo (la peluquera)—–have/get my hair cut
- revisarme la vista (el oculista)—–have/get my eyes checked
Pues la causative va en ese sentido. Somos nosotros los que nos beneficiamos de una acción que no realizamos en persona sino que mandamos a una tercera persona a que lo haga. Si quisiésemos aclarar quién la realiza, tan solo la añadiremos con la estructura by…
Aquí os dejo dos frases como ejemplo para que comparéis el significado:
- He repaired his car
(Él mismo reparó su coche)
He had his car repaired (by the mechanic)
(Él no reparó su coche. Fue el mecánico quien lo hizo)
*Have y get tienen el mismo significado. Get es más frecuente en el speaking y en las formas imperativas.
Por ejemplo: Get your hair cut! (Ve a cortarte el pelo)
Tiempos verbales
Hasta aquí todo puede parecer más o menos sencillo…pero todo se complica cuando hablamos de tiempos verbales.
Esta forma puede usarse en los diferentes tiempos y obviamente sigue las mismas normas de uso. Con lo cual…¡no nos compliquemos! Si sabemos diferenciar los diferentes tiempos y sus usos, pues no problem at all!!
ESTRUCTURA:
(+) They’re having their windows cleaned now. (-) They aren’t having their windows cleaned now. (?) Are they having their windows cleaned now?
TIEMPO VERBAL HAVE/GET SOMETHING DONE Present Simple I have/get my car repaired. Past Simple I had/got my car repaired. Present Continuous I’m having/getting my car repaired. Past Continuous I was having/getting my car repaired. Present Perfect I have had my car repaired. Past Perfect I had had my car repaired. Will I will have my car repaired. Must I must have my car repaired. Future continuous I will be having my car repaired. Future perfect I will have had my car repaired. Imperative Have my car repaired!
¡ATENCIÓN!
La causativa también tiene otro uso.Si queremos referirnos a un hecho desagradable que le ha ocurrido a alguien con alguna pertenencia, usaremos esta estructura:
have + objeto + participioShe had her mobile phone stolen last night. (Le robaron el móvil anoche).
Ir a este Sway
THE PASSIVE VOICE
La voz pasiva se utiliza cuando se desea expresar una acción poniendo más énfasis en el objeto que en la persona que realiza dicha acción. Por ejemplo:
You boil the water for two minutes.
Hierves el agua por dos minutos.
Esta oración indica que alguien hierve el agua durante dos minutos.
En la siguiente oración, sin embargo, se expresa lo mismo pero sin importar quién realiza esa acción.
The water is boiled for two minutes.
El agua se hierve por dos minutos.
Para formar la voz pasiva, se toma el verbo en cuestión y se lo convierte al participio pasado. Luego se agrega el verbo to be en la conjugación y tiempo que corresponde al nuevo sujeto. Por ejemplo:
The police rescued the boy.
The boy was rescued by the police.
La primera oración se encuentra en voz activa. La segunda, en voz pasiva.
El objeto de la primera oración (the boy) para a ser el sujeto en la oración en voz pasiva.
El verbo de la primera oración (rescued) se convierte en "was rescued".
Recordemos la regla: Se toma el participio pasado del verbo y se agrega el verbo to be conjugado en el tiempo que corresponde (en este caso el pasado) y para la persona que corresponde (the boy).
El sujeto de la primera oración (the police) pasa a ser complemento agente en la voz pasiva, agregando by delante. El complemento agente no siempre es colocado en la oración. Solamente se agrega si es relevante.
Hasta aquí todo puede parecer más o menos sencillo…pero todo se complica cuando hablamos de tiempos verbales.
Esta forma puede usarse en los diferentes tiempos y obviamente sigue las mismas normas de uso. Con lo cual…¡no nos compliquemos! Si sabemos diferenciar los diferentes tiempos y sus usos, pues no problem at all!!
ESTRUCTURA:
(+) They’re having their windows cleaned now.
(-) They aren’t having their windows cleaned now.
(?) Are they having their windows cleaned now?
| TIEMPO VERBAL | HAVE/GET SOMETHING DONE |
| Present Simple | I have/get my car repaired. |
| Past Simple | I had/got my car repaired. |
| Present Continuous | I’m having/getting my car repaired. |
| Past Continuous | I was having/getting my car repaired. |
| Present Perfect | I have had my car repaired. |
| Past Perfect | I had had my car repaired. |
| Will | I will have my car repaired. |
| Must | I must have my car repaired. |
| Future continuous | I will be having my car repaired. |
| Future perfect | I will have had my car repaired. |
| Imperative | Have my car repaired! |
¡ATENCIÓN!
La causativa también tiene otro uso.
Si queremos referirnos a un hecho desagradable que le ha ocurrido a alguien con alguna pertenencia, usaremos esta estructura:
have + objeto + participio
She had her mobile phone stolen last night. (Le robaron el móvil anoche).
| |
THE PASSIVE VOICE
La voz pasiva se utiliza cuando se desea expresar una acción poniendo más énfasis en el objeto que en la persona que realiza dicha acción. Por ejemplo:
You boil the water for two minutes.
Hierves el agua por dos minutos.
The water is boiled for two minutes.
El agua se hierve por dos minutos.
You boil the water for two minutes.Hierves el agua por dos minutos.
Esta oración indica que alguien hierve el agua durante dos minutos.
En la siguiente oración, sin embargo, se expresa lo mismo pero sin importar quién realiza esa acción.
En la siguiente oración, sin embargo, se expresa lo mismo pero sin importar quién realiza esa acción.
The water is boiled for two minutes.
El agua se hierve por dos minutos.
Para formar la voz pasiva, se toma el verbo en cuestión y se lo convierte al participio pasado. Luego se agrega el verbo to be en la conjugación y tiempo que corresponde al nuevo sujeto. Por ejemplo:
The police rescued the boy.
The boy was rescued by the police.
The boy was rescued by the police.
La primera oración se encuentra en voz activa. La segunda, en voz pasiva.
El objeto de la primera oración (the boy) para a ser el sujeto en la oración en voz pasiva.
El verbo de la primera oración (rescued) se convierte en "was rescued".
Recordemos la regla: Se toma el participio pasado del verbo y se agrega el verbo to be conjugado en el tiempo que corresponde (en este caso el pasado) y para la persona que corresponde (the boy).
El sujeto de la primera oración (the police) pasa a ser complemento agente en la voz pasiva, agregando by delante. El complemento agente no siempre es colocado en la oración. Solamente se agrega si es relevante.
Examples of Passive
Tense Subject Verb Object Simple Present Active: Rita writes a letter. Passive: A letter is written by Rita. Simple Past Active: Rita wrote a letter. Passive: A letter was written by Rita. Present Perfect Active: Rita has written a letter. Passive: A letter has been written by Rita. Future I Active: Rita will write a letter. Passive: A letter will be written by Rita. Modal verbs Active: Rita can write a letter. Passive: A letter can be written by Rita.
| Tense | Subject | Verb | Object | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Simple Present | Active: | Rita | writes | a letter. |
| Passive: | A letter | is written | by Rita. | |
| Simple Past | Active: | Rita | wrote | a letter. |
| Passive: | A letter | was written | by Rita. | |
| Present Perfect | Active: | Rita | has written | a letter. |
| Passive: | A letter | has been written | by Rita. | |
| Future I | Active: | Rita | will write | a letter. |
| Passive: | A letter | will be written | by Rita. | |
| Modal verbs | Active: | Rita | can write | a letter. |
| Passive: | A letter | can be written | by Rita. | |
Examples of Passive
Tense Subject Verb Object Present Progressive Active: Rita is writing a letter. Passive: A letter is being written by Rita. Past Progressive Active: Rita was writing a letter. Passive: A letter was being written by Rita. Past Perfect Active: Rita had written a letter. Passive: A letter had been written by Rita. Future II Active: Rita will have written a letter. Passive: A letter will have been written by Rita. Conditional I Active: Rita would write a letter. Passive: A letter would be written by Rita. Conditional II Active: Rita would have written a letter. Passive: A letter would have been written by Rita.
| Tense | Subject | Verb | Object | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present Progressive | Active: | Rita | is writing | a letter. |
| Passive: | A letter | is being written | by Rita. | |
| Past Progressive | Active: | Rita | was writing | a letter. |
| Passive: | A letter | was being written | by Rita. | |
| Past Perfect | Active: | Rita | had written | a letter. |
| Passive: | A letter | had been written | by Rita. | |
| Future II | Active: | Rita | will have written | a letter. |
| Passive: | A letter | will have been written | by Rita. | |
| Conditional I | Active: | Rita | would write | a letter. |
| Passive: | A letter | would be written | by Rita. | |
| Conditional II | Active: | Rita | would have written | a letter. |
| Passive: | A letter | would have been written | by Rita. | |
Passive Sentences with Two Objects
Rewriting an active sentence with two objects in passive voice means that one of the two objects becomes the subject, the other one remains an object. Which object to transform into a subject depends on what you want to put the focus on.
Subject Verb Object 1 Object 2 Active: Rita wrote a letter to me. Passive: A letter was written to me by Rita. Passive: I was written a letter by Rita.
As you can see in the examples, adding by Rita does not sound very elegant. That’s why it is usually dropped.
Rewriting an active sentence with two objects in passive voice means that one of the two objects becomes the subject, the other one remains an object. Which object to transform into a subject depends on what you want to put the focus on.
| Subject | Verb | Object 1 | Object 2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Active: | Rita | wrote | a letter | to me. |
| Passive: | A letter | was written | to me | by Rita. |
| Passive: | I | was written | a letter | by Rita. |
As you can see in the examples, adding by Rita does not sound very elegant. That’s why it is usually dropped.
Personal and Impersonal Passive
Personal Passive simply means that the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence. So every verb that needs an object (transitive verb) can form a personal passive.
Example: They build houses. – Houses are built.
Verbs without an object (intransitive verb) normally cannot form a personal passive sentence (as there is no object that can become the subject of the passive sentence). If you want to use an intransitive verb in passive voice, you need an impersonal construction – therefore this passive is called Impersonal Passive.
Example: he says – it is said
Impersonal Passive is not as common in English as in some other languages (e.g. German, Latin). In English, Impersonal Passive is only possible with verbs of perception (e. g. say, think, know).
Example: They say that women live longer than men. – It is said that women live longer than men.
Although Impersonal Passive is possible here, Personal Passive is more common.
Example: They say that women live longer than men. – Women are said to live longer than men.
The subject of the subordinate clause (women) goes to the beginning of the sentence; the verb of perception is put into passive voice. The rest of the sentence is added using an infinitive construction with 'to' (certain auxiliary verbs and that are dropped).
Sometimes the term Personal Passive is used in English lessons if the indirect object of an active sentence is to become the subject of the passive sentence.CULTURAL TOURISM
GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES
There are certain verbs in English that are usually followed by an infinitive or gerund. Their meaning changes depending on the form being used. Let's have a look at them!
More info + practice
Click to read about it
Personal Passive simply means that the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence. So every verb that needs an object (transitive verb) can form a personal passive.
Example: They build houses. – Houses are built.
Verbs without an object (intransitive verb) normally cannot form a personal passive sentence (as there is no object that can become the subject of the passive sentence). If you want to use an intransitive verb in passive voice, you need an impersonal construction – therefore this passive is called Impersonal Passive.
Example: he says – it is said
Impersonal Passive is not as common in English as in some other languages (e.g. German, Latin). In English, Impersonal Passive is only possible with verbs of perception (e. g. say, think, know).
Example: They say that women live longer than men. – It is said that women live longer than men.
Although Impersonal Passive is possible here, Personal Passive is more common.
Example: They say that women live longer than men. – Women are said to live longer than men.
The subject of the subordinate clause (women) goes to the beginning of the sentence; the verb of perception is put into passive voice. The rest of the sentence is added using an infinitive construction with 'to' (certain auxiliary verbs and that are dropped).
Sometimes the term Personal Passive is used in English lessons if the indirect object of an active sentence is to become the subject of the passive sentence.
CULTURAL TOURISM
GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES
There are certain verbs in English that are usually followed by an infinitive or gerund. Their meaning changes depending on the form being used. Let's have a look at them!
| ||||||
TO-infinitive or gerund: FORGET, REMEMBER, REGRET, GO ON, STOP, TRY
After these verbs, a to-infinitive refers to the future, while a gerund expresses an earlier action, relative to the time of the verb in the main clause:
Don't forget to meet Mr Moriarty at 10 o'clock this morning. (You should meet Mr Moriarty at 10 o'clock this morning.)I'll never forget meeting her for the first time. (I'll never forget when I met her for the first time.)
Did you remember to buy tea? (Did you remember that you should buy tea?)I don't remember ever visiting this museum. (I don't remember that I have ever visited this museum.)
We regret to inform you that your application has been rejected. (We are sorry we have to inform you that your application has been rejected.) I regret spending so much money last night. (I am sorry that I spent so much money last night.)
Whichever page you're on, go on to read the next chapter. (Continue with the next chapter.)Go on reading the article. (Continue reading the article.)
We stopped to drink a cup of coffee. (We stopped in order to drink a cup of coffee.)I stopped smoking years ago. (I gave up smoking years ago.)
I tried to reach her at work, but the line was busy. (I made an attempt to reach her at work.)Why didn't you try calling her on her mobile? (Why didn't you call her on her mobile to see if you could reach her?)
After these verbs, a to-infinitive refers to the future, while a gerund expresses an earlier action, relative to the time of the verb in the main clause:
Don't forget to meet Mr Moriarty at 10 o'clock this morning. (You should meet Mr Moriarty at 10 o'clock this morning.)I'll never forget meeting her for the first time. (I'll never forget when I met her for the first time.)
Did you remember to buy tea? (Did you remember that you should buy tea?)I don't remember ever visiting this museum. (I don't remember that I have ever visited this museum.)
We regret to inform you that your application has been rejected. (We are sorry we have to inform you that your application has been rejected.) I regret spending so much money last night. (I am sorry that I spent so much money last night.)
Whichever page you're on, go on to read the next chapter. (Continue with the next chapter.)Go on reading the article. (Continue reading the article.)
We stopped to drink a cup of coffee. (We stopped in order to drink a cup of coffee.)I stopped smoking years ago. (I gave up smoking years ago.)
I tried to reach her at work, but the line was busy. (I made an attempt to reach her at work.)Why didn't you try calling her on her mobile? (Why didn't you call her on her mobile to see if you could reach her?)
Conditional Sentences / If-Clauses Type I, II and III
Conditional sentences are sometimes confusing for learners of English as a second language.Watch out:
- Which type of conditional sentences is it?
- Where is the if-clause (e.g. at the beginning or at the end of the conditional sentence)?
There are three types of conditional sentences.
type condition I condition possible to fulfill II condition in theory possible to fulfill III condition not possible to fulfill (too late)
| type | condition |
|---|---|
| I | condition possible to fulfill |
| II | condition in theory possible to fulfill |
| III | condition not possible to fulfill (too late) |
1. Form
type if-clause main clause I Simple Present will-future or (Modal + infinitive) II Simple Past would + infinitive * III Past Perfect would + have + past participle *
| type | if-clause | main clause |
|---|---|---|
| I | Simple Present | will-future or (Modal + infinitive) |
| II | Simple Past | would + infinitive * |
| III | Past Perfect | would + have + past participle * |
2. Examples (if-clause at the beginning)
type if clause main clause I If I study, I will pass the exam. II If I studied, I would pass the exam. III If I had studied, I would have passed the exam.
| type | if clause | main clause |
|---|---|---|
| I | If I study, | I will pass the exam. |
| II | If I studied, | I would pass the exam. |
| III | If I had studied, | I would have passed the exam. |
3. Examples (if-clause at the end)
type main clause if-clause I I will pass the exam if I study. II I would pass the exam if I studied. III I would have passed the exam if I had studied.
| type | main clause | if-clause |
|---|---|---|
| I | I will pass the exam | if I study. |
| II | I would pass the exam | if I studied. |
| III | I would have passed the exam | if I had studied. |
4. Examples (affirmative and negative sentences)
type Examples long forms short/contracted forms I + If I study, I will pass the exam. If I study, I'll pass the exam. - If I study, I will not fail the exam.
If I do not study, I will fail the exam.
If I study, I won't fail the exam.
If I don't study, I'll fail the exam. II + If I studied, I would pass the exam. If I studied, I'd pass the exam. - If I studied, I would not fail the exam.
If I did not study, I would fail the exam. If I studied, I wouldn't fail the exam.
If I didn't study, I'd fail the exam. III + If I had studied, I would have passed the exam. If I'd studied, I'd have passed the exam. - If I had studied, I would not have failed the exam.
If I had not studied, I would have failed the exam. If I'd studied, I wouldn't have failed the exam.
If I hadn't studied, I'd have failed the exam.
* We can substitute could or might for would (should, may or must are sometimes possible, too).
- I would pass the exam.
- I could pass the exam.
- I might pass the exam.
- I may pass the exam.
- I should pass the exam.
- I must pass the exam.
| type | Examples | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| long forms | short/contracted forms | ||
| I | + | If I study, I will pass the exam. | If I study, I'll pass the exam. |
| - | If I study, I will not fail the exam. If I do not study, I will fail the exam. | If I study, I won't fail the exam. If I don't study, I'll fail the exam. | |
| II | + | If I studied, I would pass the exam. | If I studied, I'd pass the exam. |
| - | If I studied, I would not fail the exam. If I did not study, I would fail the exam. | If I studied, I wouldn't fail the exam. If I didn't study, I'd fail the exam. | |
| III | + | If I had studied, I would have passed the exam. | If I'd studied, I'd have passed the exam. |
| - | If I had studied, I would not have failed the exam. If I had not studied, I would have failed the exam. | If I'd studied, I wouldn't have failed the exam. If I hadn't studied, I'd have failed the exam. | |
DESTINATIONS
Talking about the weather
Apart from watching the video, we'll have a look at a quite complete list of vocabulary and expressions below. Click on the following LINK to access it.
What Are Articles?
Articles are words that define a noun as specific or unspecific. Consider the following examples:
After the long day, the cup of tea tasted particularly good.
By using the article the, we’ve shown that it was one specific day that was long and one specific cup of tea that tasted good.
After a long day, a cup of tea tastes particularly good.
By using the article a, we’ve created a general statement, implying that any cup of tea would taste good after any long day.
English has two types of articles: definite and indefinite. Let’s discuss them now in more detail.
The Definite Article
The definite article is the word the. It limits the meaning of a noun to one particular thing. For example, your friend might ask, “Are you going to the party this weekend?” The definite article tells you that your friend is referring to a specific party that both of you know about. The definite article can be used with singular, plural, or uncountable nouns. Below are some examples of the definite article the used in context:
Please give me the hammer.
Please give me the red hammer; the blue one is too small.
Please give me the nail.
Please give me the large nail; it’s the only one strong enough to hold this painting.
Please give me the hammer and the nail.
The Indefinite Article
The indefinite article takes two forms. It’s the word a when it precedes a word that begins with a consonant. It’s the word an when it precedes a word that begins with a vowel. The indefinite article indicates that a noun refers to a general idea rather than a particular thing. For example, you might ask your friend, “Should I bring a gift to the party?” Your friend will understand that you are not asking about a specific type of gift or a specific item. “I am going to bring an apple pie,” your friend tells you. Again, the indefinite article indicates that she is not talking about a specific apple pie. Your friend probably doesn’t even have any pie yet. The indefinite article only appears with singular nouns. Consider the following examples of indefinite articles used in context:
Please hand me a book; any book will do.
Please hand me an autobiography; any autobiography will do.
Exceptions: Choosing A or An
There are a few exceptions to the general rule of using a before words that start with consonants and an before words that begin with vowels. The first letter of the word honor, for example, is a consonant, but it’s unpronounced. In spite of its spelling, the word honor begins with a vowel sound. Therefore, we use an. Consider the example sentence below for an illustration of this concept.
My mother is a honest woman.
My mother is an honest woman.
Similarly, when the first letter of a word is a vowel but is pronounced with a consonant sound, use a, as in the sample sentence below:
She is an United States senator.
She is a United States senator.
This holds true with acronyms and initialisms, too: an LCD display, a UK-based company, an HR department, a URL.
Article Before an Adjective
Sometimes an article modifies a noun that is also modified by an adjective. The usual word order is article + adjective + noun. If the article is indefinite, choose a or an based on the word that immediately follows it. Consider the following examples for reference:
Eliza will bring a small gift to Sophie’s party.
I heard an interesting story yesterday.
Indefinite Articles with Uncountable Nouns
Uncountable nouns are nouns that are either difficult or impossible to count. Uncountable nouns include intangible things (e.g., information, air), liquids (e.g., milk, wine), and things that are too large or numerous to count (e.g., equipment, sand, wood). Because these things can’t be counted, you should never use a or an with them—remember, the indefinite article is only for singular nouns. Uncountable nouns can be modified by words like some, however. Consider the examples below for reference:
Please give me a water.
Water is an uncountable noun and should not be used with the indefinite article.
Please give me some water.
However, if you describe the water in terms of countable units (like bottles), you can use the indefinite article.
Please give me a bottle of water.
Please give me an ice.
Please give me an ice cube.
Please give me some ice.
Note that depending on the context, some nouns can be countable or uncountable (e.g., hair, noise, time):
We need a light in this room.
We need some light in this room.
Using Articles with Pronouns
Possessive pronouns can help identify whether you’re talking about specific or nonspecific items. As we’ve seen, articles also indicate specificity. But if you use both a possessive pronoun and an article at the same time, readers will become confused. Possessive pronouns are words like his, my, our, its, her, and their. Articles should not be used with pronouns. Consider the examples below.
Why are you reading the my book?
The and my should not be used together since they are both meant to modify the same noun.
Instead, you should use one or the other, depending on the intended meaning:
Why are you reading the book?
Why are you reading my book?
Omission of Articles
Occasionally, articles are omitted altogether before certain nouns. In these cases, the article is implied but not actually present. This implied article is sometimes called a “zero article.” Often, the article is omitted before nouns that refer to abstract ideas. Look at the following examples:
Let’s go out for a dinner tonight.
Let’s go out for dinner tonight.
The creativity is a valuable quality in children.
Creativity is a valuable quality in children.
Many languages and nationalities are not preceded by an article. Consider the example below:
I studied the French in high school for four years.
I studied French in high school for four years.
Sports and academic subjects do not require articles. See the sentences below for reference:
I like to play the baseball.
I like to play baseball.
My sister was always good at the math.
My sister was always good at math.
DEALING WITH CUSTOMER COMPLAINTS AT A HOTEL
MODAL VERBS : CAN / COULD / MUST / SHOULD
CAN = Poder, saber hacer algo
I can speak English = Sé hablar inglés
I can't speak German = No sé hablar alemán
Can you hear me? = ¿Puedes oírme?
COULD = Podía, podría, pudo (Es el pasado de “can”)
He could run very fast = Él podía correr muy rápido
He couldn't play football last week = Él no pudo jugar al fútbol la semana pasada
Could you open the door? = ¿Podrías abrir la puerta?
MUST = Deber , tener que
En afirmativa e interrogativa expresa obligación.
They must go now = Ellos deben irse ya.
Must we do the homework? = ¿Debemos hacer los deberes?
En negativa expresa prohibición
You mustn't eat in class = No debes comer en clase
SHOULD = Debería, deberías, etc
En afirmativa se usa para dar y pedir consejos o para hacer sugerencias.
You should pay attention = Deberías atender
En negativa se utiliza para dar a entender que algo no nos parece buena idea.
You shouldn't smoke = No deberías fumar
CARACTERÍSTICAS:
1 – Utilizan la misma forma para todas las personas.
2 – Van seguidos de infinitivo sin “to”.
3 – En negativa añaden “not” o su forma breve al verbo.
4 – En interrogativa invertimos el sujeto y el verbo.
MODAL | EXAMPLES | USES |
CAN | He can find any street in London. You can take a taxi. Can you take me to Victoria Station? | Ability Suggestion Request |
BE ABLE TO | He is able to find any street in London. | Ability |
CAN ́T | That story can ́t be true. | Certainty that something is impossible |
COULD | I could play tennis when I was younger. Could you take me to Victoria Station?. You could take a taxi. | Ability Request Suggestion |
MAY | It may be quicker to travel by train. May I come in?. | Possibility Formal request |
MIGHT | It might be quicker to travel by train. | Possibility |
MUST | You must be back at 10 o ́clock. Look at the snow. It must be cold outside. | Obligation Certainty that something is true |
HAVE TO | You have to be back at 10 o ́clock. | Obligation |
NEED TO | You need to study a lot. | Obligation |
NEEDN ́T | You needn ́t have a university degree. | Lack of obligation |
MUSTN ́T | You mustn ́t drive without a licence. | Prohibition |
DON ́T HAVE TO | You don ́t have to call a taxi. | Lack of obligation |
SHOULD | You should drive more carefully | Opinion / Advice |
OUGHT TO | You ought to drive more carefully | Opinion / Advice |
On the images below, you'll find out more about them!
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| Click to start working! |
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| Click to start working! |
TOP 5 CUSTOMER COMPLAINTS
Introducing the task
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Time for feedback on it!
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DEALING WITH CUSTOMER COMPLAINTS
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TYPES OF ACCOMMODATION
MEANS OF TRANSPORT
Learn how to talk about transport and driving in English. What’s the best way to get around your hometown? Do you drive often? What public transport do you use regularly? Here, you’ll see how to answer these questions—and many others—in clear, correct English.
How do you get around your hometown? What are the advantages or disadvantages of different forms of transport where you live?
I'm sharing a couple of videos related to the impact transport has on tourism.
GIVING PRESENTATIONS
The time has come! We'll have a look at some tips to bear in mind when giving presentations. Follow them and you'll surely be successful at it!
Anyway, remember that it all takes practice, repetition, again and again. As we say in English, PRACTICE MAKES PERFECT!
Nevertheless, here you are some tips that will help you with your presentations.
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| Click to access |
UNIT 1 - SELLING DREAMS
Watch the following two situations for both having fun and learn how to lead such a conversation.
It is now time to learn some interesting vocabulary to enrich your speech. This two websites will give some clues in order to know how to.
VERB TENSE REVIEW
Click on the image below to access the information about verb tenses that will help you understand and work on it easily.
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| Click to access the information |
SIGHTSEEING. Find below access to the presentation we've been checking these last two days of class. Hope you find it interesting and that some of the expressions commented remain!
